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SOME  EARLY  DOCUMENTS  ILLUSTRATING  THE  DEVEL¬ 
OPMENT  OF  SYSTEMATIC  CHRISTIAN  TEACHING 
AND  OF  CHRISTIAN  SCHOOLS. 


1.  The  Didache. 

The  earliest  known  manual  of  Christian  teaching;  of 
the  2d  century.  Not  known  to  the  modern  world  until  its 
publication  in  1883.  From  a  Greek  manuscript  of  the  lOth 
century,  a  facsimile  of  which  is  here  shown. 

2.  The  Didascalia  Apostolorum  in  English,  translated  from  the 

Syriac. 

This  “Teaching  of  the  Apostles”  is  a  compilation  of  the 
2d  or  early  3d  century.  First  published  in  Syriac  in  1854. 

3.  The  Apostolic  Constitutions. 

A  collection  not  later  than  the  4th  century.  The  text  was 
not  known  to  the  western  world  until  1563.  A  more  compre¬ 
hensive  code,  based  on  the  Didache,  the  Didascalia,  and  other 
matter. 

4.  The  Catechetical  Lectures  of  St.  Cyril  of  Jerusalem  (315-386). 

5.  St.  Augustine  (354-430). 

De  Catechizandis  Rudibus  {ca.  400).  Instructions  in 
methods  for  teaching  uncultivated  pupils. 

6.  St.  Jerome  (340-420). 

A  letter  to  Laeta,  wife  of  a  certain  Toxotius,  about  the 
education  of  a  daughter  destined  for  the  church. 

7.  St.  Basil,  Bishop  of  Caesarea  (329-79). 

An  address  to  young  men  on  the  proper  use  of  pagan 
studies.  Shows  that  their  value  needed  defence  at  that  date. 

8.  St.  Chrysostom,  Metropolitan  of  Constantinople  (340-420). 

Adversus  Oppugnatores  Vitae  Monastici.  Ad  Patrem  Fide- 
lem.  Advice  to  parents  to  send  their  children  to  Christian 
schools  only. 

9.  Council  of  Vaison  (529).  Canon  I. 

Officially  directing  all  parish  priests  to  accept  pupils,  as 
many  are  already  doing. 


■2 — ■ 


10.  Capitulary  of  Charlemagne  (787)  to  all  the  bishops  of  Frank- 

land ;  preserved  in  the  form  of  a  letter  to  Bangolf,  Abbot  of 
Fulda,  noting  evidence  everywhere  of  neglected  learning  and 
urging  energetic  amendment. 

11.  Capitulary  of  Theodulf,  Bishop  of  Orleans  {ca.  800)  to  the 

clergy  of  his  diocese,  commanding  them  to  keep  free  schools. 

12.  Council  of  Chalons-sur-Saone  (813).  Canon  III. 

Commanding  clergy  not  to  forget  Charlemagne’s  efforts  for 
education. 

13.  Capitularies  of  the  bishops  assembled  at  Attigny  (822). 

Admitting  their  neglect  of  teaching  and  providing  for  the 
establishment  of  schools.  These  capitularies  amounted  to  a 
reversal  of  the  action  of  the  assembly  of  Aachen  of  817, 
which  excluded  pupils  not  intending  to  become  monks  from 
the  “interne”  schools  of  the  monasteries. 

14.  Capitulary  XLIV  of  Louis  the  Pious  (825)  emphasizing  the 

duty  of  parents  and  godparents  to  educate  the  children. 

15.  Council  of  Rome,  called  by  Pope  Eugenius  II  in  853.  Canon 

XXXIV,  directing  that  in  all  dioceses  and  parishes  a  suffi¬ 
cient  number  of  schools  should  be  established. 

16.  Preface  to  King  Alfred’s  translation  of  Gregory’s  Pastoral  Care, 

showing  the  state  of  education  in  England  towards  the  end 
of  the  9th  century. 

17.  Ecclesiastical  law  of  Aethelred  II,  King  of  England.  994, 

capitulary  XX. 

The  wording  of  this  law  is  almost  identical  with  that  of  the 
decree  of  Theodulf  of  Orleans  two  centuries  before  (cf. 
exhibit  ii). 

18.  A  Poem  by  Wipo  of  St.  Gall  {ca.  1025).  “Carmen  Legis  pro 

Laude  Regis,”  addressed  to  King  Henry  III  of  Germany; 
passage  urging  him  to  show  favor  to  those  Germans  who 
educate  their  sons,  as  the  Italians  do. 

19.  The  “Lay  Folks’  Catechism”  (1357)  of  John  de  Thoresby,  Arch¬ 

bishop  of  York.  The  Commandments,  Sacraments,  Virtues 
and  Vices  set  forth  and  explained  in  English  verse  for  the 
benefit  of  the  common  people. 


— 3— 


THE  EVOLUTION  OF  THE  DRAMA  AS  A  MEANS  OF 
TEACHING  BIBLICAL  HISTORY. 

20.  The  Concordia  Regularis  {ca.  970)  of  Ethelwold,  Bishop  of 

Winchester.  Containing  a  description  of  the  manner  in  which 
the  “Quern  Quaeritis”  is  to  be  sung  as  part  of  the  Church 
Service  on  Easter  morning. 

21.  The  trope  “Quern  Quaeritis,”  the  germ  of  the  subsequent  liturg¬ 

ical  dramas  and  miracle  plays  of  the  Resurrection.  Two  fac¬ 
similes  of  manuscripts. 

22.  The  Wise  and  Foolish  Virgins.  A  liturgical  drama  in  Latin 

of  the  nth  century.  Facsimile  of  the  manuscript  at  Paris 
showing  words  and  music. 

23.  The  Resurrection.  A  liturgical  drama  in  Latin  of  the  12th 

century.  Facsimile  of  the  manuscript  at  Tours  showing 
words  and  music. 

24.  Hilarius  (fl.  1125,  a  pupil  of  Abelard  and  wandering  scholar). 

Suscitatio  Lazari.  A  Latin  drama  of  the  Raising  of  Laz¬ 
arus.  The  text  has  directions  at  the  end  for  using  either  at 
Matins  or  Vespers,  showing  how  loose  is  now  the  connection 
with  the  Church  service. 

25.  Mysterium  Resurrectionis.  A  Latin  drama  of  the  Resurrection. 

From  a  13th  century  manuscript  preserved  at  Orleans. 

26.  Christ’s  Resurrection. 

An  English  vernacular  mystery  play  of  the  Digby  Cycle  (ca. 
1480). 

The  fully  expanded  “Quern  Quaeritis.” 

27.  The  York  Cycle  of  Miracle  Plays. 

The  order  of  the  Pageants  of  the  Play  of  Corpus  Christi  in 
the  time  of  the  Mayoralty  of  William  Alne,  in  the  3d  year 
of  the  reign  of  King  Henry  V,  anno  1415,  compiled  by  Roger 
Burton,  Town  Clerk  of  York.  Taken  from  the  Latin  text. 


— 4— 


SOME  EXAMPLES  OF  THE  USE  OF  ART  IN  MAKING 
VIVID  THE  STORIES  AND  THEMES  OF  THE  BIBLE. 

28.  Paintings  of  the  3d  century  in  the  Catacombs  of  Rome  (Crypt 

of  Pope  Callistus). 

The  Raising  of  Lazarus  and  the  story  of  Jonah  as  symbols 
of  the  Resurrection.  Favorite  subj ects  in  the  earlier  paintings. 

29.  Painting  in  the  Baptistery  of  St.  Pontian  in  the  Catacombs. 

The  Baptism  of  Jesus.  The  use  of  the  halo  indicates  a  date 
not  earlier  than  the  7th  century. 

30.  Paintings  in  a  vault  in  the  cemetery  of  Santa  Maria  della  Stella, 

Albano. 

The  Good  Shepherd.  Moses  smiting  the  rock.  The  Raising 
of  Lazarus. 

31.  The  story  of  Genesis  told  in  pictures,  in  a  parchment  ascribed 

to  the  6th  century,  brought  from  Constantinople  in  the  15th 
century,  and  preserved  at  Verona. 

32.  Scenes  in  the  life  of  Christ  in  a  window  of  the  cathedral  of 

Chartres. 

33.  The  Seven  Virtues  and  the  Seven  Vices.  Detail  of  the  cathedral 

of  Chartres. 

34.  Christ  and  the  twelve  Apostles,  with  the  four  greater  Prophets. 

Central  porch  of  the  cathedral  of  Amiens. 

35.  Part  of  the  story  of  St.  Firmin  shown  on  the  choir  screen  of 

the  cathedral  of  Amiens. 


SOME  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  EARLIEST  FORM  OF 

PRINTED  PICTURES. 

36.  The  Biblia  Pauperum  of  the  Heidelberg  University  Library.  A 

German  Block  Book  (1440-50).  Facsimile. 

37.  The  Decalogue.  A  German  Block  Book  (1440-50).  Facsimile. 

38.  A  Legend  of  St.  Servais.  A  Flemish  Block  Book  of  about  1450. 

Facsimile. 

39.  Speculum  Humanae  Salvationis.  A  very  early  specimen  of  com¬ 

bined  block  and  type  printing.  Facsimile. 


— 5— 


TWO  EARLY  FORMS  OF  ENGLISH  PRIMERS. 

40.  Three  horn-books.  Facsimiles. 

Horn-books  began  to  appear  about  1450,  and  continued  in 
common  use  for  some  two  hundred  years. 

41.  The  A.  B.  C.  Both  in  Latyn  and  Englyshe.  London  {ca.  1S40). 

Facsimile. 


SOME  CONTINENTAL  PROTESTANT  CATECHISMS. 

42.  Martin  Luther  (1483-1546). 

Ain  schone  frag  und  Antwort  Den  Jiingen  Kiindern,  zii 
underweysen,  Got  zu  erkennen  .  .  .  1522. 

43.  Petrus  Schultz. 

Ein  buchlein  auf  frag  und  antwort  .  .  .  1527. 

44.  Martin  Luther  (1483-1546). 

Enchiridion.  Der  kleine  Catechismus  fur  die  gemeine 
pfarher  und  Prediger  .  .  .  Wittemberg,  1536.  Reprint. 

45.  John  Calvin  (1509-1564). 

Catechism  .  .  .  Reprint  1603. 

46.  The  Heidelberg  Catechism  of  1563.  Reprint  in  German,  Latin 

and  English. 

47.  Petrus  de  Witte. 

Catechising  upon  the  Heidelbergh  Catechism  .  .  .  trans¬ 
lated  for  the  English  reformed  church  in  Amsterdam  [1654]. 


SOME  CHURCH  OF  ENGLAND  CATECHISMS.  (IN  THE 
BOOK  OF  COMMON  PRAYER.) 

48.  The  Book  of  Common  Prayer.  Commonly  called  The  First 

Book  of  Edward  VI.  London,  1549.  Reprint. 

49.  The  Second  Book  of  Edward  VI.  London,  1552.  Reprint. 

50.  The  First  Book  of  Queen  Elizabeth.  London,  1559.  Reprint. 

51.  The  Hampton  Court  Book.  London,  1604.  Reprint. 


52.  Facsimile  of  the  Black  letter  Prayer  Book  of  1636,  containing 

all  manuscript  alterations  and  additions  made  in  the  year 
1661,  “out  of  which  was  fairly  written”  the  Book  of  Common 
Prayer  .  .  .  attached  to  the  Act  of  Uniformity,  1662. 

53.  Facsimile  of  the  original  manuscript  of  the  Book  of  Common 

Prayer,  signed  by  Convocation  Dec.  20,  1661,  and  attached  to 
the  Act  of  Uniformity,  1662. 


SOME  ROMAN  CATHOLIC  CATECHISMS. 

54.  John  Hamilton,  Archbishop  of  St.  Andrews  (1511  ?-i57i). 

The  Catechism.  That  is  to  say,  ane  common  catholik 
instructioun  in  mater  is  of  our  catholik  faith  and  religioun, 
quhilk  na  gud  christin  man  or  woman  suld  misknaw.  Edin¬ 
burgh,  1551.  Facsimile. 

55.  Council  of  Trent  (1545-1563). 

Cathechismus  concilii  Tridentini  Pii  V.  jussu  promulgatus 
.  .  .  Ed.  novissima  .  .  .  Brussels,  1720. 

56.  Petrus  Canisius  (1521-1579). 

Summa  doctrinae  Christianae  per  questiones  catecheticas 
tradita.  Cologne,  1573. 

57.  Petrus  Canisius. 

Ane  catechisme  or  schort  instruction  .  .  .  compyled  be  the 
Godlie  .  .  .  Peter  Canisius  .  .  .  with  ane  kallendar  .  .  . 
maid  be  M.  Adame  King  .  .  .  Paris,  1588.  Reprint. 

58.  Henry  Turberville  (d.  1678). 

A  manual  of  Controversies  clearly  demonstrating  the  truth 
of  the  Catholique  Religion  ...  by  H.  T.  ...  at  Doway  .  .  . 

1654. 

59.  Laurence  Vaux  (1520-1585)? 

A  Catechisme  or  Christian  Doctrine  necessarie  for  children 
and  ignorante  people  ...  by  Laurence  Vaux  .  .  , .  1583. 
Reprint. 

SOME  ENGLISH  NONCONFORMIST  CATECHISMS. 

60.  George  Gifford  (d.  1620). 

A  Catechisme  conteining  the  Summe  of  Christian  Religion 
.  .  .  Newlie  set  foorth  by  G.  G.  Preacher  of  Gods  Word  at 
Malden  in  Essex  .  .  .  London,  1583. 


■7— 


61.  Daniel  Rogers  (d.  1652). 

A  Practicall  Catechisme:  or  a  view  of  those  principall 
truths  by  D.  R.  .  .  .  London,  1632. 

The  author  was  an  elder  brother  of  Ezekiel  Rogers  of  New 
England,  author  of  the  Rowley  catechism.  (See  exhibit  71.) 

62.  Cromwell’s  Soldiers  Catechism. 

The  Souldiers  Catechisme  composed  for  the  Parliaments 
Army  .  .  .  London,  1644.  Reprint. 

63.  The  Larger  and  Lesser  Catechisms  of  the  Westminster  Assem¬ 

bly,  2d  edition.  London,  1658. 

64.  A  Door  opening  into  Christian  Religion,  or  a  brief  account  by 

way  of  question  and  answer  ...  by  a  cordial  Well-wilier 
to  .  .  .  Unity  and  Peace.  .  .  .  London,  1662. 

65.  A  Scriptural  Catechism  in  opposition  to  the  Popish  Catechism 

.  .  .  London,  1686. 

66.  Isaac  Watts. 

Catechisms :  or,  instructions  in  the  principles  of  the 
Christian  religion  ...  by  Isaac  Watts,  D.D.  .  .  .  London, 
1730. 


SOME  NEW  ENGLAND  CATECHISMS. 

67.  William  Perkins  (1558-1602). 

The  foundation  of  the  Christian  Religion  gathered  into 
sixe  Principles  ...  London,  1590.  Reprint  London,  1608. 

This  catechism  was  much  used  in  the  early  17th  century 
by  the  Puritans  in  England,  the  Pilgrims  at  Leyden  and  Ply¬ 
mouth  and  the  first  settlers  in  Massachusetts. 

68.  John  Robinson  (1575-1625). 

An  appendix  to  Mr.  Perkins  his  Six  Principles  of  Christian 
Religion.  By  Mr.  John  Robinson.  [London]  Reprinted  in 
the  year  1635. 

69.  John  Cotton  (1585-1652). 

The  doctrine  of  the  Church,  To  which  are  committed  the 
Keys  of  the  Kingdom  of  Heaven.  Wherein  is  demonstrated 
by  way  of  Question  and  Answere,  What  a  visible  Church  is, 
according  to  the  order  of  the  Gospel  ...  By  that  Reverend 
and  learned  Divine  Mr.  John  Cotton,  B.D.  and  Teacher  of 
the  Church  in  Boston  in  New  England.  The  second  Edition: 
Printed  according  to  a  more  exact  copy ;  .  .  .  London,  1643. 


70.  John  Cotton. 

A  Treatise  I.  Of  Faith.  II.  Twelve  fundamental  articles 
of  Christian  Religion.  III.  A  Doctrinal  conclusion.  IV.  Ques¬ 
tions  and  Answers  upon  Church-Government.  Taken  from 
Written  Copies  long  since  delivered  by  the  late  Reverend  Mr. 
John  Cotton,  Teacher  of  the  First  Church  in  Boston,  in  New 
England. 

John  Cotton  wrote  other  catechisms  among  which  was 
“Milk  for  Babes,”  which  was  finally  incorporated  in  the  New 
England  Primer  and  in  that  form  came  to  be  more  widely 
known  than  any  other,  excepting  the  Westminster  Assembly’s 
Shorter  Catechism. 

71.  Ezekiel  Rogers  (1584-1661). 

The  Chief  Grounds  of  Christian  Religion  set  down  by  way 
of  catechising  ...  by  Ezekiel  Rogers  .  .  .  sometime  of 
Rowley  in  Yorkshire,  now  in  New  England.  London,  1642. 
Reprint. 

Ezekiel  Rogers  was  a  younger  brother  of  Daniel  Rogers. 
(See  exhibit  61.) 

72.  James  Noyes,  Minister  at  Newbury  from  1635  to  1656. 

A  Short  catechism  Composed  by  Mr.  James  Noyes,  Late 
Teacher  of  the  Church  of  Christ  in  Newbury,  in  New  Eng¬ 
land.  For  the  use  of  the  Children  there.  Boston  1714. 
Reprint. 

73.  Thomas  Shephard,  Minister  of  the  Church  in  Cambridge  from 

1636  to  1649. 

The  first  principles  of  the  Oracles  of  God.  Collected  by 
Thomas  Shephard,  Sometimes  of  Emanuel  College  in  Cam¬ 
bridge,  Now  Preacher  of  God’s  Word  in  New  England  .  .  . 
London,  Printed  for  John  Rothwell.  1655. 

74.  John  Davenport  and  William  Hooke. 

A  Catechisme  containing  the  Chief  Heads  of  Christian 
Religion.  Published,  at  the  desire,  and  for  the  use  of  the 
Church  of  Christ  at  New  Haven  by  John  Davenport,  Pastor. 
And  William  Hooke,  Teacher.  London:  Printed  by  John 
Brudenell,  and  are  to  be  sold  by  John  Allen  at  the  Sign  of  the 
Sun-Rising  in  St.  Paul’s  Church-yard,  1659. 

John  Davenport,  the  principal  author,  was  born  in  1597, 
came  to  New  England  in  1637,  was  one  of  the  founders  of 
New  Haven  in  1638  and  minister  there  until  1667,  when  he 
was  called  to  Boston  where  he  died  in  1670. 


75-  Samuel  Stone.  Teacher  of  the  Church  at  Hartford  from  1636 
to  1663. 

A  Short  Catechism  drawn  out  of  the  Word  of  God  by 
Samuel  Stone,  Minister  of  the  Word  at  Hartford,  on  Con- 
necticot.  Boston  in  New  England,  Printed  by  Samuel  Green, 
f6r  John  Wadsworth  of  Farminton,  1684.  Reprint. 

76.  Samuel  Phillips,  Minister  at  Andover  from  1710  to  1771. 

The  Orthodox  Christian:  or,  A  Child  well  instructed  in  the 
Principles  of  the  Christian  Religion :  By  Samuel  Phillips, 

M.A.  And  V.  D.  M.  Boston,  1738. 

The  author  was  the  father  of  the  founders  of  the  Phillips 
Andover  and  Exeter  academies. 

77.  [Cotton  Mather  (1663-1728).] 

Frontiers  Well-Defended.  .  .  .  Boston,  1707. 

Appended  to  this  is  the  “Fall  of  Babylon,”  a  catechism, 
with  a  preface  entitled  “The  Protestant  armed  from  the 
Tower  of  David.” 

78.  The  New  England  Primer  (containing  the  Westminster  cate¬ 

chism.)  Boston,  1727.  Facsimile  of  the  earliest  copy  that  has 
been  preserved.  The  second  edition  is  mentioned  in  an  adver¬ 
tisement  of  1690. 

79.  Westminster  Assembly. 

The  Shorter  Catechism  .  .  .  Boston,  1765. 

80.  George  Innes. 

A  catechism,  or,  the  Principles  of  the  Christian  Religion 
Explained  in  a  familiar  and  easy  manner  ...  by  the  late 
Bp.  Innes,  Buchin  Diocese,  Aberdeen  .  .  .  Edinburgh,  Printed : 
New  Haven — Reprinted  by  T.  &  S.  Green,  1791. 

On  the  back  of  the  title-page  is  an  advertisement  signed  as 
publisher  by  Samuel  Seabury,  first  Protestant  Episcopal 
Bishop  of  Connecticut. 


SOME  INDIAN  CATECHISMS. 

81.  John  Eliot  (1604-1690)  The  “Apostle.” 

A  catechism  for  the  Indians,  2d  edition,  Cambridge,  1685. 


— 10 — 


82,  Abraham  Pierson  (came  to  New  England  1640,  d.  1678). 

Some  helps  for  the  Indians  ...  by  Abraham  Pierson  .  .  . 
Cambridge,  1658.  Reprint. 

A  catechism  in  the  language  of  the  Quiripi  Indians  of  New 
Haven  Colony.  The  author  was  the  father  of  Abraham  Pier¬ 
son,  1st  President  of  Yale  College. 

83.  John  Cotton. 

Nashauanittue  Meninnunk  .  .  .  Noh  asoowesit  John  Cotton 
.  .  .  Nashpe  Grindal  Rawson  .  .  .  Cambridge:  Printeuoop 
nashpe  Samuel  Green,  kah  Bartholomew  Green,  1691. 

A  translation  by  Grindal  Rawson  of  John  Cotton’s  “Milk 
for  Babes.” 


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